Digital media ethics between practice and  application: Meta-analysis study

Aboul-Ezz, Engi

doi:10.21608/jkom.2023.338601

Digital media ethics between practice and application: Meta-analysis study

Author

Engi Aboul-Ezz

Radio & TV department, Faculty of Mass Communication, BSU

10.21608/jkom.2023.338601

Abstract

This study belongs to the descriptive analytical studies and depends on the second-level analysis approach and is based on the reuse of data resulting from social science research. The analysis provides a source of important applied data and provides researchers with information that can be used in addressing important research problems regarding digital media ethics. Also, this study relied on the qualitative and quantitative analysis approach and published in the time frame from years 2018 to 2022, which amounted to (115) studies.
This methodological framework allows the monitoring, description and analysis of recent research trends and the development that occurs in the issues, visions and ideas of researchers and defines the objective framework of the population and sample, whether published or unpublished in Arabic and English studies, related to the issue of digital media ethics in various countries of the world, which the researcher was able to obtain It through the Arab and Western libraries and online databases. And about the main objectives of this review, are:
1) Monitoring scientific studies that dealt with the ethics of digital media in various academic schools.
2) Determining the topics and research areas covered by the digital media ethics studies and research.
3) Monitoring the methodological, theoretical, and intellectual frameworks for studies and research on digital media ethics.
4) Qualitative analysis of research and studies concerned with the ethics of digital media.
5) Presenting a critical view of the scientific heritage in the field of digital media ethics research and studies.
6) Providing quantitative indicators on digital media ethics research and studies to identify deficiencies in some areas of research.

Keywords

References

Abdel Fattah, Fatima Al-Zahra (2019: Features of privacy and exposure in the era of smart technologies), Al-Mustaqbal for Advanced Research and Studies, Future Studies, Issue 7, September.

Abdel Shafi, Moamen Jabr. (2021). Transgressions in children's videos on YouTube and their relationship to Egyptian experts' attitudes toward the ethics of publishing them. Middle East Public Relations Research Journal, 33, 127-185. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1163036

Abdel-Qawi, Mahmoud Hamdi, and Mohamed, Rabab Abdel-Moneim. (2020). The value paradox and its relationship to the ethics of professional practice among the communicator in the local electronic press: an applied study on the North Upper Egypt sector. Journal of Media Research. 55(55- Part 3), 1497-1580. doi: 10.21608/jsb.2020.122459

Abo Zeid, Dina Farouk. (2020). The ethics of using social networking sites among university youth in Egypt by applying it to Facebook. Scientific Journal of Radio and Television Research, 2020(20) 1-66.

Aboul-Ezz, Engi. (2018). Ethical and professional aspects of Egyptian printed newspapers during periods of political transition: a comparative analytical study. Arab Journal for Media and Communication Research. 2018(23).

Agarwal, S., Farid, H., El-Gaaly, T., & Lim, S. N. (2020, December). Detecting deep-fake videos from appearance and behavior. In 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS) (pp. 1-6).

Ahmad, Atiyat Farah. (2021). The ethical standards in publishing journalistic photos on news websites: Humanities and Social Sciences Series, 36 (1), pp.45-67 https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1284909

Alal, Hanan. (2019). Professional ethics in the age of new media. El Meyaar Magazine, vol. 23, no. 45, 829-846 - Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1046149

Al-Ashry, Wael Muhammad Muhammad. (2020). Egyptian journalists’ vision of the professional and ethical controls regulating the use of social media networks in journalistic work and their relationship to prevailing methods of practice. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research, vol. 8, p. 28, p. p. 86-205.

Al-Dagher, Magdy Muhammad Abdel-Gawad. (2018). Egyptian media professionals’ attitudes toward their use of social media networks considering professional and ethical controls: a field study. Annals of Arts and Social Sciences, Annual 38, Al-Risala 493, 8 - 208. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/906734

Al-Ghormazi, Buthaina. (2020). Digital transformation in the time of Corona: a case study for countries in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Blogs, available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/ar/arabvoices/digital-transformation-time-covid-19-case-mena

Al-Jubouri, Abdul Aziz Khalaf Khalil. (2020). Credibility of news on social media sites “YouTube, Facebook, Twitter”: A survey of the Emirati public. Al-Arabi Journal for Media Studies, No. 7, 8-35. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1129258

Allal, Hanan Bin Yahya (2018). Professional ethics in the era of new media (a legal study in Algeria). Al Resala Journal for Social Studies and Research. M2. P (5). pp. 11-36.

Al-Othmani, Muhammad. (2021). Facial recognition technology and combating crime in Arab airports. Security Policy Papers, 2(1), 1-10.

Al-Shaqran, drawing (2018). Mechanisms for enhancing the moral responsibility of social media users and combating digital terrorism. The First International Conference on Media and Challenges of the Arabian Gulf. Gulf University, Bahrain: 323-364.

Al-Talawi, Rabab Abdel Moneim. (2018). Analysis of the ethics of media discourse on electronic news websites. Scientific Journal of Journalism Research, 2018 (14 Part 1), 395-449. doi: 10.21608/sjsj.2018.90539

Aly, W., & Hassoun, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence and automated journalism: Contemporary challenges and new opportunities. International journal of media, journalism, and mass communications, 5(1), 40-49.

Anastasia Levitskaya, & Alexander Fedorov (2020). Typology and Mechanisms of Media Manipulation. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 5 (1), 69-78. doi: 10.13187/ijmil.2020.1.69

Apdillah, D., Salam, A., Tania, I., & Lubis, L. K. A. (2022). Optimizing Communication Ethics in The Digital Age. Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Business (JHSSB), 1(3), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i3.143

Apuke, Oberiri Destiny, Omar, Bahiyah, (2021). The ethical challenges and issues of online journalism practice in Nigeria: What do professionals and academics think? Technology in Society, 67,2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101713.

Azoulay, A. (2019). Towards an ethics of artificial intelligence. UN Chronicle, 55(4), 24-45.

Bacarella, Christian, Timm F. Wagner, Jan Kietzmann, Ian Paul McCarthy (2018), ˝social media? It’s Serious! Understanding the Dark Side of social media˝, European Management Journal, 36(4), 431-438.

Bakir, Vian & McStay, Andrew. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism. 6. 1-22. 10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645.

Belkacem, Ben Habib, Bernat, Hala Ali, and Al-Tababi, Faten Ben Lagha. (2021) Media ethics in the digital age. Saudi Arabia: Al Rushd Library. 2nd edition.

Benjahoudou, Radia. (2022). The dominance of digital content over media practice in Algeria and its impact on professional ethics in audiovisual. Al-Resala Journal for Media Studies. 6(2), pp. 28-42.

Bicher, L., & A. Fathy, S. (2020). Ethical Considerations for Using social media: “Is it Okay to Share?". The Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research (AJMCR), 2020(31), 172-187. doi: 10.21608/jkom.2020.156744

Bode, L. (2021). Deepfaking Keanu: YouTube deepfakes, platform visual effects, and the complexity of reception. Convergence, 27(4), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211030454

Boumshatha, Nawal. (2021). Employing social media in producing news bulletins on Al Jazeera satellite channel - an analytical study of the “Nashratkom” program -. Derasat journal. V10, Issue 02, (December 2021)

Bourahli, Wafaa and Ghazal, Abdel Razzaq. 2020. Publishing shocking images in digital media between news value and journalistic ethics: the dialectic of freedom of expression and social responsibility. International Journal of Social Communication. V. 7, no. 5, p. p. 85-100. https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1232413

Bsherif, Wahiba. (2018). Ethics of New Media Professional Practice. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, V 15, p. p. 409-422.

Busnan, Ruqaya Abdullah, and Shibi, Wissam. (2019). Characteristics and ethics of the communicator in light of the new media environment. Al-Mawaqif Journal, Volume 14, Issue 1, 277 - 309. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1002957

Caldera, Elizabeth (2020), ˝Reject the Evidence of Your Eyes and Ears: Deepfake and the Law of Virtual Replicants˝, Seton Hall Law Review, 50(1), 177-205.

Chen, M. Liao X .and. Wu, M (2022). "PulseEdit: Editing Physiological Signals in Facial Videos for Privacy Protection," in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 17, pp. 457-471, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2022.3142993.

Chesney, Robert, Danielle Citron (2019), ˝Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security˝, California Law Review, 107, 1753-1820.

Claussen, Dane. (2016). Book Review: Radical Media Ethics: A Global Approach, by Stephen J. A. Ward. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. 71. 371-373. 10.1177/1077695816646409.

Danielle K. Citron & Robert Chesney, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, in 107 California law review. 1753 (2019). Available at: https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/640

Das, Djurre & van Boheemen, Pieter & Linda, Nierling & Jahnel, Jutta & Karaboga, Murat & Fatun, Martin & Huijstee, Mariëtte. (2021). Tackling Deepfakes in European policy. EPRS | European ParliamentaryResearch Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 690.039 – July 2021

Díaz-Campo, J., & Chaparro-Domínguez, M. Á. (2020). Computational journalism and ethics: An analysis of deontological codes of Latin American. Revista ICONO14. Revista científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías emergentes, 18, 10-32.

Estito, Abdul Jabbar. (2022). Web journalism's dependence on social media sites: constant and shifting. Lexus Jornal, No. 41, 85-95. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1217579

Ezzi, Abdul Rahman. (2013). Studies in communication theory: towards a distinct media thought. Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Unity Studies.

Gromova, Kate & Eferin, Yaroslav (2021). Ethics in the digital world: Where we are now and what’s next. World Bank Blogs, available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/ethics-digital-world-where-we-are-now-and-whats-next

Hagiu, Adrian & Bortoș, Sergiu. (2021). Towards an Applied Ethics in Digital Communication: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Responsibility. Analele Universitatii din Craiova. 48. 110-123

Hashem, Mona. (2022). Recent trends in research on professional and ethical controls on websites. Egyptian Journal of Mass Communication Research. 4(1), 255-340. doi: 10.21608/mebp.2022.125405.1030

Hassan, Muhammad Othman. (2018). Ethical standards for data journalism in Egyptian and foreign news websites. Egyptian Journal of Public Opinion Research, Volume 17, No. 4, 689 - 730 - Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1108231

https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-999557

Hughes, S., Fried, O, Ferguson, M., Hughes, C., Hughes, R., Yao, X., & Hussey, I. (2021). Deepfaked Online Content is Highly Effective in Manipulating People’s Attitudes and Intentions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://psyarxiv.com/4ms5a/

Huijstee, Mariëtte, Pieter van Boheemen, Djurre Das, Linda Nierling, Jutta Jahnel, Murat Karaboga & Martin Fatun, (July 2021). Tackling deepfakes in European policy. Brussels: European Parliament Research Service, 116 pp. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/690039/EPRS_STU(2021)690039_EN.pdf

Ibrahim, Saad, and Al-Shatari, Hamid Majeed. (2019). Media ethics in the age of digitalization. Dhi Qar Journal of Etiquette, No. 30, 1 - 30. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1237945

Isani. Rahima Al-Tayeb (2018). Ethics of the use of new communication media and its legislation in the United Arab Emirates: Analytical readers of the law “Combat information technology crimes. Al Ain University Journal of Business and Law. 2 (1): 72-98. https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=aaujbl

Issani, Rahima Al-Tayeb. (2019). Ethics of content management on Facebook and Twitter: An analytical study of policies and terms. Arab Journal of Human Sciences, vol. 37, no. 148, 91-138. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1012302

Jahiri M., & Gërguri D. (2018). Online Media Ethics and the Privacy of Politicians in Kosovo. Information & Media, (83), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.15388/Im.2018.83.6

Jijan Aziz, Khaled. (2018). Social responsibility of websites in addressing Iraqi political crises. Scientific Journal of Journalism Research., 2018 (14 Part 2), 335-356. doi: 10.21608/sjsj.2018.91061

Kadwani, Sherine Muhammad, (2020). Legal controls regulating digital media in Egypt: an analytical study. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research. Al-Ahram Canadian University, June 29, 2020: 380-413

Kahal, Fatiha. (2019). Citizen journalism: dialectics of ethics and controls of professional practice. Standard Jornalism, vol. 23, no. 48, 240-258. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1046035

Kamal Musa Diab, God's blessing. (2022). Biometric digital privacy protection behavior among Egyptian university students using deepfake applications. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research 2022(37), 184-239:

Karamallah, Muhammad Farah (2019) The reality of the ethics of publishing on social media sites in times of crises: The ethics of dealing with news sources as an example, Journal of Media Studies, No. 9, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin, Germany.

Karnik, N. (2021). Analysis of Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities IJLMH, 4 (4): 1155 - 1168 (2021), DOI: https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLMH.111370

Katakt, Hala Bassiouni Muhammad. (2022). The public’s view of the professional and ethical standards governing video journalism’s treatment of issues and events in Egyptian society and their relationship to the public mood. Journal of Media Research, No. 60, Part 3, 1361 - 1440. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1269498

Kaur, S. (2020). Unpacking IT Rules: Threat to Digital Rights. DME Journal of Law, 2(01), 27–31. Retrieved from https://www.dmejournals.com/index.php/DMEJL/article/view/119.

Khalifa, Jehan Sibaq Ali. (2022). The impact of digital transformation on the attitudes and ethics of the communicator during the practice of journalistic work on electronic newspaper websites: a field study within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Journal of Media Research and Studies, No. 19, 1-45. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1291439

Kietzmann, Jan, Linda W. Lee, Ian Paul McCarthy, (2020), Deepfakes: Trick or Treat?, Business Horizons, 63(2), 135-146.

Komarova, Elena and Bogdanova, Irina, (2022). Comparative Study of Digital Ethics in Russian and English Media Texts: Migrant Discourse (July 1, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4152252

Konstantin Nicholas Dörr & Katharina Hollnbuchner (2017) Ethical Challenges of Algorithmic Journalism, Digital Journalism, 5:4, 404-419, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2016.1167612

Kreket, Aisha, and Bozian, Nasr al-Din. (2021). Media practice in new media: ethical motivations and ethical requirements. Al-Ihya Magazine, vol. 21, no. 28, 673 - 686. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1122336

Kvalnes , Ø. (2020). Digital Dilemmas: Exploring Social Media Ethics in Organizations. Palgrave Macmillan.

Kwok, A. O., & Koh, S. G. (2021). Deepfake: a social construction of technology perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(13), 1798-1802.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Rothschild, D. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096

Lee, Kate Sangwon & Wei, Huaxin. (2022). Design Factors of Ethics and Responsibility in social media: A Systematic Review of Literature and Expert Review of Guiding Principles. Journal of Media Ethics, doi: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2107524

Lestari, R. (2019). Shifting Journalistic Ethics in the Internet Age, Case Study: Violation of Journalistic Ethics in Journalistic Products and Journalist Behavior in Online Media. Komunikator, 11(2), 142-150. //doi.org/10.18196/jkm.112027

Lewis, S. C., Sanders A. K., & Carmody C. (2019). Libel by algorithm? Automated journalism and the threat of legal liability. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96 (1), 60-81.

Mahira, Buthaina. (2018). New media ethics between freedom and obligation in the electronic environment, Almeyar Journal. 22(8): 393-411.

Maria Nilsson (2020). An Ethics of (not) Showing: Citizen Witnessing, Journalism and Visualizations of a Terror Attack, Journalism Practice, 14:3, 259-276, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2019.1623708

Mbinjama, Adelina (2022) Cyber-ethics for NGOs during Covid-19: The Eight “Ethical Variables” and a Microsocial Contract, Communication, 48:1, 45-65, DOI: 10.1080/02500167.2022.2058040

Mbinjama-Gamatham, Adelina, & Olivier, Bert. (2020). 'Dark technology', aggressiveness and the question of cyber-ethics. Acta Academica, 52(1), 99-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.18820/24150479/aa52i1/1

Medzini, R. (2022). Enhanced self-regulation: The case of Facebook’s content governance. New Media & Society, 24(10), 2227–2251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821989352

Melzi, Yacoub, and Ben Sha'a. (2020). Commitment to professional ethical standards in the Algerian electronic press - an analytical study of the Shorouk Online website. Journal of Arts and Social Sciences.17(2), 401-416.

Metwally Muhammad Arafat, Iman. (2018). A draft ethical charter for electronic journalism for the Gulf Cooperation Council countries considering the experiences of Arab ethical charters. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Media and Communication Technology. 2018 (1). 153-198. doi: 10.21608/jcts.2018.102742

Monti, M. (2018). Automated Journalism and Freedom of Information- Ethical and Juridical Problems Related to AI in the Press Field.pdf. Opinio Juris in Comparatione. Studies in Comparative and National Law, 1 (1). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id = 3318460

Moor, J.H. (1985), What Is Computer Ethics? Metaphilosophy, 16: 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.1985.tb00173.x

Mugari, Ishmael & Cheng, Kevin. (2020) The dark side of social media in Zimbabwe: Unpacking the legal framework conundrum, Cogent Social Sciences, 6:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1825058

Müller, V. C. (2020). Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. (Z. E. N., Editor) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Palo Alto, Cal.: CSLI, Stanford University. pp. 1-70 (2020) https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/ethics-ai/

Mustafa, Amani Reda Abdel Maqsoud. 2019. The extent of media students’ awareness of the ethical controls for using social media. Egyptian Journal of Media Research, vol. 2019, p. 68. 309-354.

Mutahhar, Bashar Abdel Rahman. (2018). The attitudes of the Arab public towards the ethics of using video clips published on social networking sites, in the news bulletins of Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya channels, Al-Hadath: A study on the events of the Arab Spring countries, a survey study. Annals of Arts and Social Sciences, Annual 38, Al-Risala 492, 9-90. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/906732

Mutua, Sylvia & Yanqiu, Zhang. (2021). Online content regulation policy in Kenya: potential challenges and possible solutions. Journal of Cyber Policy. 6. 1-19. 10.1080/23738871.2021.1916974.

My grandfather, Radwan. (2018). Ethics of media practice in new media: An exploratory study of the ethical challenges that hinder electronic journalistic publishing. Journal of Image and Communication, No. 22, 35-62. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/985575

Najai, Samia, and Jafafa, David. (2022). The axiology of the moral values of news on Algerian websites: an analytical study of the Al-Nahar and Al-Khabar websites. Journal of Human Sciences, vol. 33, no. 1, 255-273. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1296008

Olugbenga A. Ige, (2020). What we do on social media! Social representations of schoolchildren's activities on electronic communication platforms, Heliyon, Volume 6, Issue 8,2020, e04584, ISSN 2405-8440,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04584.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020314286)

Orge, C. P., Koldobika, M. A., & Simón Peña Fernández. (2020). Behind the Comments Section: The Ethics of Digital Native News Discussions. Media and Communication, 8(2), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2724

Othman, Yassin, and Bin Saghir, Zakaria. (2021). Problematizing digital ethics for the digital citizen in the virtual public sphere: standards and tools. Al-Rawaq Journal of Social and Human Studies, Volume 7, No. 1, 208 - 227. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1212893

Paolo Cavaliere, (2020) From journalistic ethics to fact-checking practices: defining the standards of content governance in the fight against disinformation, Journal of Media Law, 12:2, 133-165, DOI: 10.1080/17577632.2020.1869486

Pennycook, Gordon. (2018). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition. 188. 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011.

Prapawong, Suparada. (2018). Ethics and regulation for media in Thailand. International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (ICDAMT). 86-91. 10.1109/ICDAMT.2018.8376501.

Qutb, Fatima Fayez Abdo. (2021). The communicator in digital media credibility assessment platforms. Egyptian Journal of Media Research, Part Three - Volume Three, (: 2021(77 1209-1265)

Rabie, Hussein Muhammad. (2021). A proposed vision for an ethical code of conduct that regulates Egyptian journalists’ use of social networking sites considering the experiences of international media institutions. The Twenty-Sixth International Scientific Conference: Digital Media and Traditional Media: Paths for Integration and Competition, Volume 2, Cairo: Cairo University - Faculty of Information, 781 - 851. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1273793

Raina, V., Biswas, M., & Biswas, M. (2021). Critical Analysis of OTT Platform with reference to Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Law. SPAST Abstracts, 1(01). Retrieved from https://spast.org/techrep/article/view/1955

Raisul, Islam (2020). Ethics and standards of online news in Bangladesh. Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 14 (1): 4-14. DOI : 10.5958/0973-967X.2020.00001.0

References

Roberts, J. (2019). The erosion of ethics: from citizen journalism to social media. Journal of information, communication and ethics in society,17(4): 409-412

Rozehnal, Aleš. (2022). Digital Media Ethics. Law, Identity and Values. 2. 161-173. 10.55073/2022.1.161-173.

Saber, Shaima Abdel Ati. (2019). Ethical controls for using social platforms from the perspective of Arab culture. Scientific Journal of Media and Communication Technology Research, 6(6), 1-18.

Saeedi, Mansour, and my salami, Saeediani. (2019). The use of social media networks as sources of media information in Algerian satellite channels: a critical study. Journal of Islamic Sciences and Civilization, vol. 4, no. 1, 263-278. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1220699

Safwat Ibrahim, Lydia. (2020). Publishing ethics in Egyptian digital journalism and the challenges it faces: an applied study. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research 2020(29), 148-188.

Salah El-Din, God’s Grace Ihab (2018). The ethics of photojournalism in the digital age. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research, Al-Ahram Canadian University. Verse 23: 20-31.

Salman, Radwan, and Mohanna, Sami Ali. (2019). The new media environment in the Arab world: concepts and controls. Al-Ijtihad Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, Volume 8, Issue 1, 360-380. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/941854

Salt, Habib Khalaf. (2021). Deep fake technology and its impact on threatening the credibility of electronic media: a descriptive study. Tikrit University Journal of Human Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 4, 354-376. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1211870

Samuel, G., & Buchanan, E. (2020). Guest Editorial: Ethical Issues in Social Media Research. Journal of empirical research on human research ethics: JERHRE, 15(1-2), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1556264619901215

Shamkhi, Mona Turki, and Hassan, Saad Kazem. (2022). The professional ethics of the communicator and its reflection on the standards of news content. Al-Farahidi Journal of Art, vol. 14, no. 48, 288-298. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1217516

Shawsh, Jamal Shaaban. (2021). Ethical principles and professional roles of journalists in the new media environment: a critical study. Annals of the University of Algiers, 1, vol. 35, no. 2, 962 - 987. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1167211

Shekarda, Hisham, and Issawi, Al-Tayeb. (2021). The professional identity of the journalist considering modern media and communication technologies: aspects of integration and risks of extinction. Al-Hikma Journal for Media and Communication Studies, No. 1, 90-110. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1190281

Shillair, R. (2020). Protection Motivation Theory. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, J. Bulck (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0188

Shin, Soo Yun & Lee, Jiyoung (2022) The Effect of Deepfake Video on News Credibility and Corrective Influence of Cost-Based Knowledge about Deepfakes, Digital Journalism, 10:3, 412-432, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2026797

Shuting (Ada) Wang, Min-Seok Pang & Paul A. Pavlou (2021) Cure or Poison? Identity Verification and the Posting of Fake News on social media, Journal of Management Information Systems, 38:4, 1011-1038, DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2021.1990615

Sobeih, Yousra Mahmoud. (2019). The social and ethical responsibility of citizen journalism through digital media: a case study of communicators in the citizen journalism section of the Youm7 website. Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research 2019(26), 394-422.

Suparada Prapawong (2018) Ethics and regulation for media in Thailand, 2018 International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (ICDAMT) 25-28 Feb. 2018 Phayao, Thailand: Retrieved from: http://08104pwfq.1103.y.https.ieeexplore.ieee.org.mplbci.ekb.eg/document/8376501

Svati, Sephali (2021). Classification of Content, Content Regulation and Ethics – OTT platforms in India, International Journal of Legal Science & Innovation IJLSI, 3 (4): 509 - 525. DOI: https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLSI.11918

Tawfiq, Sherihan Muhammad, Kadwani, Sherine Muhammad. (2020). Professional practice in regional journalism via social networks: an applied study within the framework of social responsibility theory. Journal of Media Research, 54(54 - Part 1), 315-356. doi: 10.21608/jsb.2020.99495

Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: New Era in The Age of Disinformation & End of Reliable Journalism. Selçuk İletişim, 13 (2), 1009-1024. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/josc/issue/55089/685338

Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408

Vatreš, Amina. (2021). Deepfake Phenomenon: An Advanced Form of Fake News and Its Implications on Reliable Journalism. Journal of the faculty of humanities and social science, University of Tuzla, 6, 3(16) (2021) : 561-576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2021.6.3.561

Villanueva-Ledezma, Armando & Machin-Mastromatteo, Juan & González-Quiñones, Fidel & Cordero-Hidalgo, Aixchel & Flores-Flores, Jorge. (2020). Ethics, human rights, and violence in Chihuahua’s digital journalism: Evidence from a media observatory. Digital Library Perspectives. ahead-of-print. 10.1108/DLP-09-2019-0035.

Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin and Carlson, Matt 2021. Conjecturing fearful futures: Journalistic discourses on deepfakes. Journalism Practice 15 (6), pp. 803-820. 10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838

Wang, W., & Siau, K. (2018). Ethical and Moral Issues with AI - A Case Study on Healthcare Robots. Proceedings of the 24th Americas Conference on Information Systems (2018, New Orleans, LA) Association for Information Systems (AIS). https://www.researchgate. net/publication/325934375.

Waqi’ Allah, Muhammad Farah Karam Allah. (2020). The ethics of publishing news content on social media sites in times of crises: a study on a sample of Sudanese publishers 2018-2019. Journal of Communication Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 6, 45 - 68. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1265237

Wence Hadir and Haraz Sarah. (2021). Ethical controls of digital media and their relationship to the value system, “a qualitative study.” Studies in human sciences and society. 4(3) 12. pp. 83-1

Westling, Jeffrey (2019), ˝Deep fakes: Let’s Not Go Off The Deep End˝, Technology and Innovation Research Techdirt, izvor: https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190128/13215341478/deep-fakes-lets-not-go-off-deep-end.shtml, pristupljeno 21.1.2021

Zreyazb, AK; Rashid, TI. (2020). The ethics of media through the Arab electronic press sites as digital communication: Mediating role of supply chain. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.10(10): 814-831