The role of the Egyptian media in shaping the public's attitudes towards vaccination against the Corona virus :Talk Show Programs as a Model

Atef Labeeb, .Heba

doi:10.21608/jkom.2021.222467

The role of the Egyptian media in shaping the public's attitudes towards vaccination against the Corona virus :Talk Show Programs as a Model

Author

.Heba Atef Labeeb

Mass communication Expert at National Center for Social& Criminological Research, (Department of Public opinion research and measurements)

10.21608/jkom.2021.222467

Abstract

This paper aims to find out the relationship between exposure to the paragraphs of the talk show programs related to Covid-19 Vaccination and the formation of the attitudes of a sample of the public towards the vaccine, through the components of the Health Beliefs Model “HBM”, According to number of demographic variables "age/gender/educational level"; In an attempt to determine the effectiveness of the media messages presented in the talk show programs, and to visualize the requirements for media coverage in the next stage in terms of promoting positive attitudes towards receiving Covid-19 vaccine. The study was applied to 200 individuals through an electronic questionnaire.
The study concluded that there is no statistically significant correlation between exposure to paragraphs of the talk show programs related to Covid-19 Vaccination and their attitude towards getting the vaccine, and that there are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the average degrees of their attitudes towards getting the vaccine, and between the educational levels of the sample items. As for the age groups, the differences were statistically significant with respect to the behavioral component of the attitude only in favor of the age group older than 60 years. The results indicated that there is a correlation between the attitude of the sample towards getting the vaccine, and the variables of perceived barriers and self-efficacy.

Keywords

References

1- WHO. https://www.who.int/ar/campaigns/vaccine-equity

2- Mandal S, Arinaminpathy N, Bhargava B, et al.(2021).India’s pragmatic vaccination strategy against COVID-19: a mathematical modelling-based analysis, BMJ Open ;11:e048874. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048874

3- Rella, S.A., Kulikova, Y.A., Dermitzakis, E.T. et al. (2021). Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains. Sci Rep 11, 15729 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3

4- Wakefield, M. A., Loken, B., & Hornik, R. C. (2010). Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet (London, England), 376(9748), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60809-4

5- Schiavo, R. (2013). Health communication: From theory to practice, 217. John Wiley & Sons, p.6.

6- OECD (2021), "Enhancing public trust in COVID-19 vaccination: The role of governments", OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/eae0ec5a-en.

7- http://www.crci.sci.eg/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Egypt_2030.pdf

8- Costantini, H. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Literacy of Family Carers for Their Older Parents in Japan. Healthcare, 9(8), 1038. doi:10.3390/healthcare9081038.

9- Wismans A, Thurik R, Baptista R, Dejardin M, Janssen F, Franken I.(2021). Psychological characteristics and the mediating role of the 5C Model in explaining students’ COVID-19 vaccination intention. PLoS ONE, 16(8): e0255382. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255382

10- Murphy, Jamie & Vallières, Frédérique & Bentall, Richard & Shevlin, Mark & McBride, Orla & Hartman, Todd & McKay, Ryan & Bennett, Kate & Mason, Liam & Gibson-Miller, Jilly & Levita, Liat & Martinez, Anton & Stocks, Thomas & Karatzias, Thanos & Hyland, Philip. (2021). Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Nature Communications. 12(1), p.3-15, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9

11- Reiter, P. L., Pennell, M. L., & Katz, M. L. (2020). Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?. Vaccine, 38(42),6500–6507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043

12- World Health organization. (2017). Available at:

https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/329647/Vaccines-and-trust.PDF

13- Sakr, S., Ghaddar, A., Sheet, I., Eid, A. H., & Hamam, B. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practices related to COVID-19 among young Lebanese population. BMC Public Health, 21(1),NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A661396185/AONE?u=anon~16d39817&sid=googleScholar&xid=5b13d592

14- Guidry, J., Laestadius, L. I., Vraga, E. K., Miller, C. A., Perrin, P. B., Burton, C. W., Ryan, M., Fuemmeler, B. F., & Carlyle, K. E. (2021). Willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine with and without emergency use authorization. American journal of infection control, 49(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.018.

15- Jin, Q., Raza, S. H., Yousaf, M., Zaman, U., & Siang, J. M. L. D. (2021). Can Communication Strategies Combat COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy with Trade-Off between Public Service Messages and Public Skepticism? Experimental Evidence from Pakistan. Vaccines, 9(7), 757. doi:10.3390/vaccines9070757

16- Chu, H., & Liu, S. (2021). Integrating health behavior theories to predict American's intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Patient education and counseling, 104(8), 1878–1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.031

17- Mercadante, A. R., & Law, A. V. (2021). Will they, or Won't they? Examining patients' vaccine intention for flu and COVID-19 using the Health Belief Model. Research in social & administrative pharmacy: RSAP, 17(9), 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.12.012

18- Coe, A. B., Elliott, M. H., Gatewood, S., Goode, J. R., & Moczygemba, L. R. (2021). Perceptions and predictors of intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP, S1551-7411(21)00164-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.023

19- Cordina, M., Lauri, M. A., & Lauri, J. (2021). Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine hesitancy and intention to take the vaccine. Pharmacy practice, 19(1), 2317. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2021.1.2317

20- Liu, S., & Liu, J. (2021). Understanding Behavioral Intentions Toward COVID-19 Vaccines: Theory-Based Content Analysis of Tweets. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e28118.

21- Lo, S. Y., Li, S. C. S., & Wu, T. Y. (2021). Exploring Psychological Factors for COVID-19 Vaccination Intention in Taiwan. Vaccines, 9(7), 764.

22- Sharma, M., Davis, R. E., & Wilkerson, A. H. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among College Students: A Theory-Based Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094617

23- Syed Alwi, S.A.R., Rafidah, E., Zurraini, A. et al. (2021). A survey on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and concern among Malaysians. BMC Public Health, 21, 1129 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11071-6

24- Seale, H., Heywood, A. E., Leask, J., Sheel, M., Durrheim, D. N., Bolsewicz, K., & Kaur, R. (2021). Examining Australian public perceptions and behaviors towards a future COVID-19 vaccine. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1-9.

25-Ali SH, Foreman J, Tozan Y, Capasso A, Jones AM, DiClemente RJ.(2020).
Trends and Predictors of COVID-19 Information Sources and Their Relationship With Knowledge and Beliefs Related to the Pandemic: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
JMIR Public Health Surveill;6(4):e21071
doi: 10.2196/21071PMID: 32936775PMCID: 7546863

26- Kaadan, M. I., Abdulkarim, J., Chaar, M., Zayegh, O., & Keblawi, M. A. (2021). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the Arab world: a cross-sectional study. Global health research and policy, 6(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-021-00202-6.

27- Kim, J., & Jung, M. (2017). Associations between media use and health information-seeking behavior on vaccinations in South Korea. BMC public health, 17(1), 700. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4721-x

28- Hansen N, Mølbak K, Cox I, Lioma C. (2019). Relationship Between Media Coverage and Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Uptake in Denmark: Retrospective Study, JMIR Public Health Surveill, 5(1):e9544 URL: https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/1/e9544, DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.9544

29- Heidi J Larson, Kenneth Hartigan-Go & Alexandre de Figueiredo. (2019). Vaccine confidence plummets in the Philippines following dengue vaccine scare: why it matters to pandemic preparedness, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 15:3, 625-627, DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1522468

30- El-Far Cardo, A., Kraus, T., & Kaifie, A. (2021). Factors That Shape People’s Attitudes towards the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany—The Influence of MEDIA, Politics and Personal Characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7772.

31- Viswanath, K., Bekalu, M., Dhawan, D., Pinnamaneni, R., Lang, J., & McLoud, R. (2021). Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. BMC public health, 21(1), 818. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10862-1

32- Chua, C. E., Kew, G. S., Demutska, A., Quek, S., Loo, E. X. L., Gui, H., ... & Siah, K. T. H. (2021). Factors associated with high compliance behaviour against COVID-19 in the early phase of pandemic: a cross-sectional study in 12 Asian countries. BMJ open, 11(8), e046310.

33- Fridman I, Lucas N, Henke D, Zigler C.(2020).Association Between Public Knowledge About COVID-19, Trust in Information Sources, and Adherence to Social Distancing: Cross-Sectional Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill,6(3):e22060 URL: https://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/3/e22060, DOI: 10.2196/22060

34- Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The Health Belief Model. In K. Glanz, B. Rime, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. Jossey-Bass, 4th ed, p.42,46.

35- Rimer, B. K., & Glanz, K. (2005). Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, p.13.

36- Basil, M. D. (2019). Theory in social marketing. In Social marketing in action (pp. 59-78). Springer, Cham, p.66.

37-WHO Organization. (2020). Available at:https://www.who.int/ar/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines.

38- Iman Osama Ahmed Abdel Fattah.(2013). Factors affecting the effectiveness of social marketing campaigns in Egypt "An applied study on a sample of health campaigns in Egypt". Unpublished Master's Thesis, Faculty of Mass Communication, Cairo University, p. 254.

39- Lin Y, Hu Z, Zhao Q, Alias H, Danaee M, Wong LP .(2020) .Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy: A nationwide online survey in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(12): e0008961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008961

40- Kouzy, R., Abi Jaoude, J., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M. B., Karam, B., Adib, E., Zarka, J., Traboulsi, C., Akl, E. W., & Baddour, K. (2020). Coronavirus Goes Viral: Quantifying the COVID-19 Misinformation Epidemic on Twitter. Cureus, 12(3), e7255. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255

41- Ogilvie, G. S., Gordon, S., Smith, L. W., Albert, A., Racey, C. S., Booth, A., ... & Sadarangani, M. (2021). Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine: Results from a population-based survey in Canada. BMC public health, 21(1), 1-14.

42- Szilagyi PG, Thomas K, Shah MD, et al. )2021(. National Trends in the US Public’s Likelihood of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine—April 1 to December 8, 2020. JAMA.,325(4),396–398. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26419

43- Paul, E., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2021). Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications. The Lancet regional health. Europe, 1, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012

44- UNFPA. (2020). Ageing and COVID-19 in the Arab region: Leaving no one behind,https://bit.ly/3qgRyAj.

45-Sood, S., Shefner-Rogers, C., & Skinner, J.P. (2014). Health Communication Campaigns in Developing Countries. Journal of Creative Communications, 9, 67 - 84.

46-Schmelz, K., & Bowles, S. (2021). Overcoming COVID-19 vaccination resistance when alternative policies affect the dynamics of conformism, social norms, and crowding out. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(25).